Research ideas of core formulas-syndromes based on disease-syndrome-treatment combination / 中国中药杂志

The relationship between disease and syndrome is a research focus in integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. Depending on the focus, the disease-syndrome combination for treatment is manifested as the different treatment methods for the same disease and the same treatment method for different diseases based on the syndrome, and different treatment methods for the same syndrome and the same treatment method for different syndromes based on the disease. The mainstream model is the combination of di-sease identification in modern medicine with syndrome identification and core pathogenesis in traditional Chinese medicine. However, current research on the combination of disease and syndrome and core pathogenesis tends to focus on the heterogeneity between disease and syndrome and the separation of syndrome and treatment. Therefore, the study proposed the research idea and model of core formulas-syndromes(CFS). According to the theory of formula-syndrome correspondence, the research idea of CFS deepens the research on core pathogenesis, which aims to summarize the core formulas and syndromes for diseases. The research fields include diagnostic criteria for the indications of formulas, distribution patterns of formulas and syndromes for diseases, the evolution of medicinal-syndrome based on formulas-syndromes, formula combination law based on formulas-syndromes, and the dynamic evolution of formulas-syndromes. Through the summary of ancient classics, clinical experience, and medical records, and with the methods of expert consultation, factor analysis, and clustering analysis, research on the diagnostic criteria for the indications of formulas aims to explore the diagnosis information such as the diseases, symptoms, signs, and pathophysiology. The research on the distribution patterns of formulas and syndromes for diseases tends to summarize the specific types of formulas and syndromes for the diseases through literature research and clinical cross-sectional studies based on the establishment of diagnostic criteria for the indications of formulas. The research on the evolution of medicinal-syndrome aims to clarify the medicinal-syndrome law through literature and clinical research. The formula combination law refers to the fact that the core prescriptions for a disease often appear in combination with other prescriptions on a regular basis. The dynamic evolution of formulas-syndromes refers to the continuous transformation and change of formulas and syndromes in the process of disease development with changes in time and space. The CFS is conducive to the unification of disease, syndrome and treatment and to the deepening of the research model of disease and syndrome integration.

Clinical application of Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Decoction based on modern pathophysiology mechanism / 中国中药杂志

Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Decoction was firstly recorded in Treatise on Cold Damage(ZHANG Zhong-jing, Eastern Han dynasty). According to this medical classic, it is originally used in the treatment of the Shaoyang and Yangming syndrome. Based on the modern pathophysiological mechanism, this study interpreted the classic provisions of Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Decoction. Original records of "chest fullness" "annoyance" "shock" "difficult urination" "delirium" "heavy body and failing to turn over" all have profound pathophysiological basis, involving disorders in cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, and mental systems. This formula is widely used, which can be applied to treat epilepsy, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral infarction, and other cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, arrhythmia, and other cardiovascular diseases, insomnia, constipation, anxiety, depression, cardiac neurosis and other acute and chronic diseases as well as diseases in psychosomatic medicine. The clinical indications include Bupleuri Radix-targeted syndrome such as fullness and discomfort in chest and hypochondrium, bitter taste mouth, dry throat, and dizziness, the insomnia, anxiety, depression, susceptibility to fright, upset, dreamfulness and other psychiatric symptoms, red tongue, thick and yellow tongue coating, and wiry hard and powerful pulse. This formula was found to be used in combination with other formulas, such as Gualou Xiebai Decoction, Wendan Decoction, Zhizhu Pills, Juzhijiang Decoction, Suanzaoren Decoction, and Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction.

Arrhythmia:innovative understanding from traditional Chinese medicine and treatment by classic herbal formulas / 中国中药杂志

Arrhythmia, a common and frequently occurring cardiovascular disease, causes a heavy burden on the public health of China. Approximately 20 million patients are suffering from this disease in China and treated by pharmacological and surgical therapies. However, antiarrhythmic drugs can cause arrhythmia and surgical treatment has the risks of failure and recurrence. Therefore, the clinical outcome of arrhythmia remains to be improved. According to the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory, arrhythmia is a disease of palpitation induced by 7 conditions: liver depression and Qi stagnation, accumulation of turbid phlegm, fluid retention attacking the heart, fire-heat disturbing the heart, stasis obstruction of heart vessel, cold congealing in heart vessel, and the deficiency of Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang. Therefore, this study concisely proposed 7 TCM syndromes of arrhythmia, including the palpitation due to depression, phlegm, fluid retention, fire, blood stasis, cold, and deficiency. The corresponding treatment strategies were recommended as follows: Chaihu Longgu Muli Decoction for the palpitation due to depression, Wendan Decoction for the palpitation due to phlegm, Linggui Zhugan Decoction for the palpitation due to fluid retention, Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction for the palpitation due to fire, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction for the palpitation due to blood stasis, and Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction for the palpitation due to cold, and Guizhi Gancao Decoction, Guizhi Gancao Longgu Muli Decoction, Huanglian Ejiao Decoction, Zhigancao Decoction, and Guipi Decoction for the palpitation due to the deficiency of Qi, blood, Yin, and Yang. Multiple formulas should be combined if the patient presents several TCM syndromes simultaneously. According to the principles of the correspondence between formula and syndrome and the treatment with consideration to both pathogenesis and pathology and both herbal nature and pharmacology, this study proposed an integrated treatment model of "pathogenesis-pathology-nature-pharmacology" to enhance the clinical efficacy of classic herbal formulas in the treatment of arrhythmia.

TCM understanding and treatment strategy of hypertension complicated with sexual dysfunction / 中国中药杂志

Hypertension and its target organ damage have become a major public health problem. Sexual dysfunction is a new problem in the treatment of modern hypertension. Modern pathophysiological studies have shown that hypertension can lead to sexual dysfunction. In addition, three major hypotensive drugs represented by diuretics can also lead to sexual dysfunction. In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), hypertension belongs to "vertigo" "headache" "head wind", etc. In the past, the understanding of the TCM pathogenesis of hypertension was mainly from the perspectives of "liver wind" and "Yang hyperactivity". However, based on the in-depth research on ancient and modern literature and medical records and many years of clinical practice, it has been identified that kidney deficiency was the key pathogenesis. Hypertension complicated with sexual dysfunction belongs to the category of kidney deficiency syndrome in TCM, especially the deficiency of kidney Yin. Previous studies by other research groups showed that Yin-enriching and kidney-tonifying method could effectively reduce blood pressure, improve sexual dysfunction, reverse risk factors, and protect target organs. This article systematically discussed the TCM understanding, modern pathophysiological mechanism, and the clinical treatment strategy of kidney-tonifying drugs(single drugs and compounds) in the treatment of hypertension complicated with sexual dysfunction in order to provide a scientific basis for kidney-tonifying method in the treatment of hypertension complicated with sexual dysfunction.

Meaning， Efficacy and Mechanism of Huoxin Pills in Treating Coronary Heart Disease with Qi Deficiency and Blood Stasis Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cardiovascular diseases， with high incidence and high mortality， belong to the category of "chest impediment and heart pain" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. Chinese medicines have unique effect on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases with little side effects. Huoxin pills， one of the National Essential Drugs， is formulated based on the basic pathogenesis of weak pulse at Yang and wiry pulse at Yin and the pathological basis of myocardial ischemia and hypoxia and used for treating angina pectoris of coronary heart disease （Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome）. This medicine is derived from the classic famous prescription and is composed of ten precious Chinese medicinal herbs. It can replenish Qi， activate blood， and warm collaterals to diffuse impediment by enhancing myocardial contractility and cardiac output to improve micro-circulation and increase coronary blood flow， regulating immune functions， alleviating inflammation， detoxifying， and tranquilizing mind. Clinically， it is suitable for patients with angina pectoris caused by the lack of heart Yang， chest tightness， shortness of breath， palpitation， fear of cold for limbs and so on， especially for the elderly with Yang deficiency or the patients with a history of myocardial infarction. On the basis of the available research reports， this paper explains the formula meaning of Huoxin pills from the perspective of the basic pathogenesis of coronary heart disease and predicts its action targets， location and links. Furthermore， we expound the mechanism of action of Huoxin pills based on basic research and clinical evidence-based research， aiming to provide data support and evidence for the clinical application of this medicine.

Analysis of Modular Network Mechanism of Danhong Injection in Treatment of Coronary Angina Pectoris / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the pharmacological mechanism of Danhong injection (DHI) in the treatment of coronary heart disease with angina pectoris from the level of functional modules by modular pharmacological analysis framework. Method:The targets of drug components in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and the angina-related genes in DisGeNET, OMIM and CTD databases were combined to construct the target network of DHI for the treatment of coronary angina pectoris by STRING version 11.0. Functional modules were identified by the molecular complex detection (MCODE), Markov cluster (MCL) and GLay algorithms, and the results were optimized by the minimum network structure entropy algorithm. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was performed on the modules by DAVID version 6.8 bioinformatics analysis platform. Result:By integrating 262 genes related to DHI and 192 genes related to angina pectoris, the target network of DHI for angina pectoris was constructed, including 414 nodes and 6 621 edges. After optimization of the minimum network structure entropy, 12 functional modules (number of nodes>3) were identified by MCODE algorithm, of which the largest module (module 1) has 47 nodes and 962 edges, MCODE score=41.826. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was conducted on the gene network of DHI for angina pectoris and the modules divided by MCODE, and 37 and 58 KEGG signaling pathways were obtained respectively, with the coverage rate of 86.5%. The pathways enriched by the modules could be roughly divided into 11 categories, among which human diseases (45%), signal transduction (17%), and amino acid metabolism (14%) were involved in a large proportion. Module 1 was enriched into 39 pathways, which was signal transduction-related module. Module 3 was amino acid metabolism-related module. Conclusion:The therapeutic effect of DHI on coronary heart disease with angina pectoris is achieved through multiple modules, multiple pathways and multiple functions, mainly by regulating modules related to signal transduction, amino acid metabolism, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, Ca2+ and p53 signaling.

Blood-Letting Therapy for Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of blood-letting therapy (BLT) in treatment of hypertension.@*METHODS@#A comprehensive electronic and manual bibliographic searches were performed in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Excerpt Medica Database (EMBASE), PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang Database to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which hypertensive patients were treated with BLT or BLT plus antihypertensive drugs (BPAD) against placebo, no treatment or antihypertensive drugs. The Cochrane Risk Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of trials. The Review Manager 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 7 RCTs with 637 hypertensive patients from 1989 to 2017 were identified. Compared with antihypertensive drugs, blood pressure was significantly reduced by BLT (RR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.44, P=0.03; heterogeneity: P=0.06, I=60%) and BPAD (RR=1.25, 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.53, P=0.03; heterogeneity: P= 0.01, I=71%). Moreover, a significant improvement in Chinese medicine syndrome by BLT (RR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.53, P=0.0002; heterogeneity: P=0.53, I=0%) and BPAD (RR=1.47; 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.04, P=0.02; heterogeneity: P=0.13, I=56%) was identified. The reported adverse effects were well tolerated.@*CONCLUSION@#Although some positive findings were identified, no definite conclusions regarding the efficacy and safety of BLT as complementary and alternative approach for treatment of hypertension could be drew due to the generally poor methodological design, significant heterogeneity, and insufficient clinical data. Further rigorously designed trials are warranted to confirm the results.

Analysis of protective effects of Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang against ischemic stroke by combining traditional Chinese medicine pathogenesis and efficacy with modern pathology and pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang is a classical Chinese formulas treating Shaoyang syndrome complicated with Yangming syndrome according to Treatise on Febrile Diseases. This formula is used in mental disorder, nervous system, gynecologic, andrologic, and cardiovascular disease. However, its therapeutic effect on ischemia stroke and its mechanism is far from clear. In clinical practice, we have found that this formula is effective in treating ischemic stroke, which can shorten the course of the disease and reduce recurrence. The characteristics of this formula include: Shaoyang cardinal disadvantageous syndrome, mental and nervous symptoms, retained fluid punched upward syndrome and accumulation of heat in the stomach and intestines. By combining traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) pathogenesis and efficacy with modern pathology and pharmacology, we proposed that the TCM pathogenesis of stroke, which is characterized by hyperactivity of heat combining with phlegm, stasis and water drink, is consistent with syndromes and corresponding pathology targeted by Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang, including the stress brain edema zone around the ischemic lesion, the increase of intracranial pressure, the excitement of sympathetic nerve, the release of monoamine neurotransmitter, the hypofunction of autonomic nervous system after stroke, and gastrointestinal stress response. Furthermore, the pharmacological mechanism of Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang is concentrated on regulation the neuroendocrinology system centered by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), participating in the process of neuron regeneration and apoptosis, oxidative stress, hyperactivity of sympathetic nerve, and inflammatory reaction. These pathological processes are consistent with the pathological changes after ischemic stroke. Therefore, Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang is a key formula for treating ischemic stroke.